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Recruitment Consultants - List and links to top Recruitment Consultants specialising in VAT "Take the heavy lifting out of your role search!" Recruitment Consultants "Take the heavy lifting out of your role search!" Andrew Vinell Recruitment Consultants Andrew Vinell Brewer Morris Carnegie Consulting Creative Tax Recruitment Eximius Goodman Masson Hays Morgan McKinley Michael Page Pure Robert Walters Job Listings efinancialcareers totaljobs VAT Digital. Com The links on this page do not convey any endorsement, authorship or ownership by VATDIGITAL.Com of any of the sites visited. "Take the heavy lifting out of your role search!" Recruitment Consultants - VAT Roles "Take the heavy lifting out of your role search!" Ambition Andrew Vinell Brewer Morris Carnegie Consulting Creative Tax Recruitment Eximius Goodman Masson Hays Marks Sattin Morgan McKinley Michael Page Pure Robert Walters Tenet Search The Consultancy Group Twenty AI VAT Digital. Com The links on this page do not convey any endorsement, authorship or ownership by VATDIGITAL.COM of any of the sites visited. etaxjobs

Comprehensive guide on the appliction of VAT for Motor Vehicles (Cars) including the HMRC - definition of a car and the HMRC rules on when VAT can be recovered. Motor Cars A motor car for VAT purposes is any vehicle with 3 wheels or more used on a public road. The following are not cars for VAT purposes: Vehicles that carry only one person Vehicles that can carry 12 or more people Caravans, ambulances, Herses etc. Vehicles with unladen weight of more than 3 tonnes VAT Recovery on Cars T he recovery of VAT incurred on the purchase of a new motor car is only possible in the following circumstances: Car produced by the manufacturer where the intention is to sell it within 12 Months of production A new car purchased, imported (including VAT) by a dealer who intends to sell it within the next 12 months A new car purchased and intended to be used as a Taxi, Driving instruction car or a car purchased to be hired out. A new car purchased to be used within a business with absolutely no private use . A new car purchased to be used as a pool car where it is not allocated to a specific individual, not kept at an employees home but rather the firms normal place of business. A new car purchased to be leased internally within a company (provided the car is leased at arms length where the charges would be the same if the car was leased externally) Note: If you change the use of the car such as no longer using the car to provide taxi services, then a self supply will occur and you will have to account for output VAT on the current market value of the car. Also second hand cars are not included above and there is no VAT recovery available . Leased Cars and VAT Leasing companies can recover 100% of the VAT on cars they lease at the commercial rate. Their invoices to the lessee must state whether the car is a qualifying car which they will use as evidence to recover VAT. Cars leased (qualifying cars) by businesses can only recover 50% of the VAT from HMRC on the lease rental charges. Recovery here is restricted to take into account the private use element of cars) . Provided they are separately itemised from the charges for leasing the car, VAT on maintenance charges can still be recovered in full 100%. Input VAT incured on Cars leased (qualifying cars) for Driving Instruction or Taxi services can be recovered in full (100%) from HMRC. Hire Cars Businesses that hire cars to operate in their business can recover the VAT in full (100%) provided that the car is hired for no more than 10 days. Where the period extends beyond 10 days, then only 50% of the input VAT can be recovered, unless the driver can prove their was not private use. Early Termination Charges I f the lease rental agreement is terminated early. it is customary for leasing companies to charge you VAT on this as termination payments are considered by HMRC as additional consideration for the supply of the lease. Only 50% of the VAT on lease termination payments is recoverable in full from HMRC. VAT Recovery on Motor Expenses The VAT incurred on the following motor expenses is recoverable. Repairs and Maintenance Petrol / fuel (fuel scale charges can be used to restrict the VAT reclaimed where there is private use of the company vehicle). Other motoring expenses incurred where the car is used solely for business purposes Private Use of Business Owned Motor Vehicles Where businesses have purchased motor cars and have been able to recover the input VAT incurred in full from HMRC on the basis that the cars are purchased by dealers, used for driving instruction, taxi services or leased out etc, then any change in use from the intended use to private use will trigger an output tax charge payable to HMRC. See below links for more information as to how this output VAT should be determined. Agreement with the British Vehicle Rental and Leasing Association Agreement with the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders E mployees using Business Owned Motor Vehicles Were businesses charge employees for using its cars for private use, output VAT will become payable on the amount Selling a Motor Car I nput VAT recovered in full on original purchase When a motor vehicle is sold, where Input VAT incurred on the original purchase was fully recovered from HMRC (for example a car purchased for Taxi Services or Driving School Services) , an output VAT charge will be triggered: 20% VAT should be applied to the value of the car being sold A VAT invoice should be generated and provided to a VAT registered business where requested. No input VAT recovered on original purchase Where Input VAT has been fully blocked on the original purchase of a car because it was used wholly for private purposes, then: The sale of the car is exempt from VAT Input VAT charged on services incurred as a result of the sale will be exempt. Using the Margin Scheme Where input VAT was not billed or applied on the original purchase of a car by a business, the business can use the margin scheme when onward selling the car. (Also applies to commercial vehicles) The margin scheme works by deducting the Purchase price of the car from the selling price of the car to arrive at the gross margin and then multiplying by 1/6 to arrive at the VAT to charge on the sale. There a number of conditions that are required to be met before a business can use the margin scheme and are detailed in the attached HMRC link. Using the VAT margin scheme for second-hand vehicles . -Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Cars and VAT - Guide on When VAT can be Recovered

Use our VAT Advisor powered by artificial intellegence to obtain detailed answers and summaries to questions you may have regarding UK & Global VAT compliance issues. VAT Digital AI - Intelligent VAT Advisor Online 24/7 ® At VATDIGITAL.COM - we aim to provide you with the latest VAT News, Compliance Guides, VAT Rules and information on topics such as VAT Accounting, VAT Risks and Controls, UK HMRC and Global Tax Authority updates, VAT Technology Tools and much more. To assist you in getting the most benefit from our website, we now have a VAT Advisor driven by artificial intelligence which will provide you with detailed guidance on a range of questions you may have in relation to VAT. Our online VAT Advisor will be able to assist on a range of topics including VAT Registration, VAT Invoicing, VAT Recovery, VAT Accounting, VAT and the P&L / Balance Sheet, Importing and Exporting, Recovery of VAT on Bad Debts, VAT Compliance Automation, VAT Risks, Mergers & Acquisitions VAT Due Dilligence, VAT and Online Market Places & Trading, VAT and Financial Services including Banking, Insurance, Commodities Trading, VAT and the Construction Industry and much more. Artificial Intelligence is fast becoming an integral part of the global tax function as companies continue their digital journey. Companies that don't embrace this technology will simply be left behind as it will be used to streamline Finance, Supply Chains, VAT & Tax Compliance / VAT Advisory and will deliver huge efficiencies and cost savings. The evolution of AI continues with Agentic AI, which moves away from prompt based generative AI to an AI agents based model. A collection of AI agents can plan and carry out tasks autonomously to achieve a desired objective such as preparing reports, Budgets, Financial Accounts, VAT and Tax Returns, VAT & Tax Reconciliations, VAT and Tax Analytical Reviews etc. AI and AI agents will completely revolutionise the Accounting and Tax landscape in the coming years - watch this space! VAT AI Advisor <

Privacy Policy At VATDIGITAL.COM, we respect your privacy and are committed to protecting your personal data. Our website collects visitor analytics and IP addresses solely to understand how users interact with our site and improve your experience. Any personal data you provide through enquiry emails, contact forms or via our VAT Digital AI Advisor is used exclusively to communicate with you and is never shared with third parties. Note - this website contains links to other websites relating to VAT, GST and other Taxes and as such our privacy policy does not extend to the accessing of these websites. We recommend that you review the privacy policies of any websites visited via links on our site. If you have any questions about our privacy practices or how we handle your data, please feel free to contact us at enquiries@vatdigital.com A ll information and data contained on this website is to provide a general understanding of VAT and highlight current issues relating to VAT. Under no circumstances does the information and data contained constitute professional advice and as such any reliance placed on this information or data is strictly at your own risk. Professional advice should be independently sought and no representation or any warranty either expressed or implied is given to the accuracy or completeness of the information or data contained on this website. VATDIGITAL.com Making VAT Simple Anthony Ene - Founder Legal Disclaimer

The application of VAT to Fees of Barristers and Advocates Special Tax Point Rules There are special tax point rules for supplies made by barristers and advocates. These are provided for in regulation 92 of the Value Added Tax Regulations 1995 (SI 1995/2518). The rules were established as the result of discussions with the Bar Council and the Faculty of Advocates. Tax Point Definition A tax point is the time at which the law treats a supply of goods or services as having taken place. VAT-registered businesses must normally account for VAT in the tax period in which the tax point occurs and at the rate of VAT that’s in force during that period. Tax Point for Barristers and Advocates The tax point for barristers and advocates is the earlier of: The receipt of professional fees for those services Issue a VAT invoice for those professional services Cease to practice as a barrister or advocate ( VAT becomes due on the date you cease to practice) Managing Common Expenses in Shared Chambers Common expenses incurred for equipment, office expenses and premises will usually be apportioned between members of a chamber on an agreed basis. Invoices for common expenses are made out to the head of chambers or a nominated member. There are a number of methods prescribed by HMRC to manage this process for VAT reporting as follows: Method 1 Invoices issued to the Head of Chambers or the Nominated Member will treat the input VAT incurred as their own and onward charge these costs to each member in the agreed portions and including output VAT on the costs. The Nominated member will then be responsible for accounting for the total output VAT on the total amounts recharged. Members of the Chambers who are registered for VAT will then be able to recover the input VAT charged by the nominated member. As a concession, the nominated member need not issue tax invoices for these supplies. However, there must be a system which allows for each member’s record to be cross-referenced to: Output tax charged by the nominated member The input tax deducted by other members The original tax invoice This will help to make sure that no more than the total VAT stated on the original invoice is claimed back. Method 2 The nominated member (who the invoice has been addressed to) will not charge Output VAT to the other members of the chambers (as in method 1) but allocate the Input VAT to the members who can then recover their portion of input VAT if they are VAT Registered. Records must be kept of the apportionment of input tax between the members. Each member’s records should cross-reference the input tax claimed back to the tax invoice. Method 3 The nominated member (who the invoice has been addressed to) recovers the VAT and then pays an equal amount into the common fund. This method may only be used when all members of chambers are registered for VAT. Barristers or advocates who use the Flat Rate Scheme Barristers are not normally entitled to claim input tax. Instead, they calculate and pay a flat rate percentage of their total taxable turnover. Special accounting rules apply to barristers or advocates: Who are on the Flat Rate Scheme Whose chambers use method 3 (read paragraph 6.3) -Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Barristers and Advocates - VAT Rules

VATDIGITAL.COM - VAT Digital - Providing you with the latest UK and Global VAT News, VAT Compliance Guides, e Invoicing Updates, Country Guides and an AI VAT Advisor - online 24/7. About - VAT Digital. Com - UK & Global VAT News & Compliance Making VAT Simple VAT Digital.Com - Is a platform designed to seamlessly "Demystify VAT " for businesses and individuals by providing the latest UK & Global VAT News, up to date VAT compliance guides and tools, global country guides & VAT rates, e invoicing news and implementation timelines, Case Law and VAT updates from the UK (HMRC) and other global Tax Authorities. There are also specific UK VAT guides and updates for industries and areas such as Financial Services and Banking, Energy, Construction, Charities, Catering, Taxis & Private Hire, VAT Compliance Automation, VAT Risk Management and Control and much more. The website is updated regularly by our team of VAT and Tax specialists who have many years of experience working in industry and practice. Our Website now incorporates an AI driven "VAT Advisor" to enable you to obtain guidance for specific queries in relation to VAT, Tax and other related topics quickly and reliably online 24/7. We hope you find the information on this site useful and enhancing. For any queries, please email the team at enquiries@vatdigital.com or contact us using the form below. VAT DIGITAL. com VAT - TAX - Accountancy - London Anthony Ene - Founder To contact us, please use the form opposite and we will endeavour to get back to you as soon as possible. Alternatively please use the "Lets chat" button. We hope you enjoy reading and find the information on our website enhancing and useful. Best Regards The Team - vat digital .com -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Email: enquiries@vatdigital.com Submit Thanks for submitting!

Are you a UK Business buying services such as legal, advertising or consultancy from non UK suppliers, then read our comprehensive guide on how reverse charge VAT applies. Introduction Reverse Charge VAT, means that the customer (Business Customers) is accountable for paying the output VAT (VAT on Sales) in relation to a suppliers invoice for services. There are two aspects of reverse charge VAT as follows: International Domestic International Applies to both sales and purchases of services (outputs and Inputs). Reverse Charges Applied to Sales / Outputs Where a UK VAT registered supplier supplies services to a non UK customer and the services would normally be subject to VAT in the UK, the supplier would not include UK VAT on their invoice to the customer as the supply is outside the scope of UK VAT. Instead the supplier would write the words "reverse charge applies" on the invoice and as such this would inform the customer that they may be required to self account for VAT in their local jurisdiction. So for example a UK consultancy firm invoicing a business customer in France where the French customer would have to pay French Reverse Charge VAT on the total value of the invoice to the French Tax Authorities. Reverse Charges Applied to Purchases / Inputs Where a UK business purchases services from a non UK supplier primarily to be consumed in the UK, they will have to self account for reverse charge VAT at 20% to HMRC based on the total value of the invoice from the non UK supplier. The main purpose here is to ensure UK businesses that purchase services from UK suppliers are not placed at a disadvantage to businesses that source services from non UK suppliers and save 20% UK VAT. How it works - The UK VAT Registered business customer will have to include 20% VAT applied to the total value of the overseas invoice on their VAT return in Box 1 (VAT Payable). For example if a business seeks legal advice from a supplier based in France and the total value of the invoice is £1,000, then the UK business customer will have to self account and pay £200 output VAT to HMRC. However the UK business customer will be able to recover all or some of this VAT from HMRC and can either put the same VAT figure as in Box1 in box 4 (Input VAT Recoverable) on their VAT return or a portion of the VAT based on a specific percentage they are allowed to recover. If the business only makes taxable supplies to their customers, then they will be able to recover the reverse charge payable to HMRC in full and as such the effect would be a nill payment to HMRC as amounts in box 1 (VAT Payable) will equal box 4 (VAT Recoverable) on their VAT return. Where the purchaser is a partial exempt business (see how VAT works button), it will only be able to recover a portion of the reverse charge VAT from HMRC depending on the purchasing businesses Partial Exemption Recovery Rate. Note: Most services purchased from non UK suppliers by UK VAT registered businesses will be in scope of reverse charges unless they are: Property related (Land and Buildings) transactions including hotel bills for non UK stay Admission to non UK events Transport related such as taxis while travelling on business abroad. Services that would normally be Exempt in the UK like Financial Services such as insurance, the purchase of shares. Services purchased from non UK suppliers such as the ones below will all be Reverse Chargeable in the UK at 20% Accountancy Services Consultancy Services Legal Services Supply of staff or contractors Advertising Domestic Domestic reverse charge is similar to International Reverse Charges in that the customer is required to self account for VAT. The difference is that domestic reverse charges applies to specified transactions between UK to UK businesses . The main aim here is to prevent / reduce, eliminate fraudulent traders who set up companies, issue VAT invoices for goods and collect the VAT and fail to declare this to HMRC. (Basically the responsibility for paying output VAT is switched from the supplier to the customer) How it works - Invoices issued by VAT registered UK Business Suppliers to VAT registered UK Business Customers will show the net amounts only and no VAT applied. On receipt of these invoices for services, the UK business customer will self account for VAT at 20%. The customer will be responsible for paying this VAT to HMRC and if they only make taxable supplies in their business, they will be able to recover this VAT and in effect there will be a nil payment due to HMRC. So box 5 VAT payable / recoverable will be zero. For Example - if a UK subcontractor in the construction industry invoices its main UK contractor for services which are covered by the Construction Industry Scheme , for £100,000 then their invoice to the contractor will only show £100,000 and carry the words "reverse charge applies". The UK subcontractors VAT return will only include £100,000 sales in box 6 on their VAT return. The UK contractor will then have to self account for £20,000 of Output VAT on their VAT return under the CIS reverse charge VAT procedure by including this amount in Box 1 (VAT payable) on their VAT return. Additionally the contractor (if they only make taxable supplies (standard and zero rated supplies) can recover this £20,000 from HMRC by including the amount in Box 4 on their return. This means their box 5 payable amount will be zero. However the UK contractor will also need to include the net amounts £100,000 in both Box 6 & 7 on their VAT return. Than Following Services are in scope of UK Domestic Reverse Charges: Mobile Phones Computer Chips Wholesale Gas and Electricity (not Gas and Electricity to retail consumers) Wholesale Telecommunication Services Construction Industry (Construction Industry Scheme Contactors) For more information please read: Domestic reverse charge procedure (VAT Notice 735) Reverse Charge VAT

Learn and understand the HMRC rules around VAT for disclosed and undisclosed agents. Key points such as VAT tax points, invoicing and VAT accounting requirements. Agents and VAT Acting As An Agent (disclosed or Undisclosed) You’re an agent if you act for, or represent, someone else (your principal) in arranging supplies of goods or services. The supplies that you arrange are made by, or to, the principal you represent. Principals cannot avoid their liability to account for VAT on their supplies or to pay VAT on their purchases by using an agent. To act as an agent, you must have agreed with your principal to act on their behalf in relation to the particular transaction concerned. This may be a written or oral agreement, or merely inferred from the way you and your principal conduct your business affairs. Whatever form this relationship takes: it must always be clearly established between you and your principal, and you must be able to show to HMRC that you’re arranging the transactions for your principal, rather than trading on your own account you will not be the owner of any of the goods, or use any of the services which you buy or sell for your principal you will not alter the nature or value of any of the supplies made between your principal and third parties How agents are involved with VAT As an agent, you’ll usually be involved in at least 2 separate supplies at any one time, the: supplies made between your principal and the third party supply of your own services to your principal, for which you will charge a fee or commission — the normal VAT rules apply to your services as an agent It’s important to distinguish between these separate supplies. Liability of supplies The liability of the supply of your own services to your principal will not always be the same as the liability of the supply between your principal and the third parties. Selling agents If you’re a selling agent and the supply you’re arranging on behalf of your principal is taxable, your supply of services to your principal in arranging that supply is standard-rated. But, if the supply you’re arranging for your principal is exempt from VAT, your supply of services in arranging that supply may also be exempt. Buying agents If you’re a buying agent and the supply you’re arranging from the third party to your principal is taxable, your supply of services to your principal in arranging that supply is standard-rated. But, if the supply you’re arranging by the third party to your principal is exempt, your supply to your principal in arranging that supply may also be exempt. Intermediary services You may be able to zero rate the supply if you make arrangements for: the export of any goods to a place outside the UK a supply of services which is itself zero-rated as work on goods for export from the UK any supply of services which is made outside the UK Agents acting in the name of their principals As an agent, you may sometimes take a minor role in a transaction, and simply introduce your principal to potential customers or suppliers (third parties). At other times you may be more closely involved. You might: receive or deliver goods hold a stock of goods for your principal make or receive payment But, provided that the invoicing for the supply is between the principal and the customer, the only supply for VAT purposes being made by you will be the provision of your services to your principal. Invoicing Arrangements If y our principal is VAT registered, their supply to the third party is taxable and you’re registered for VAT then: Your principal must issue the VAT invoice made out to the customer and send it either direct to the customer, or through you to pass on to the customer, you only account for VAT on your supply of agent’s services to your principal If your principal is not registered for VAT but you’re VAT registered then: No VAT is due on the supply arranged by you but you must account for VAT on your supply of agent’s services to your principal, and possess evidence that you’re arranging the supply on behalf of your principal. The supply should be readily distinguishable in your records from supplies on which VAT is charged. Agents Registered for VAT who act in their own name You may sometimes be empowered by your principals to enter into contracts with a third party on their behalf. In such cases, particularly if your principal wishes to remain unnamed, you may receive and issue invoices in your own name for the supplies concerned. An agent who acts in such a capacity is usually referred to as an undisclosed agent or a commissionaire. In commercial terms, the transaction you arrange as an agent remains between your principal and the third party involved. But, you should note that these rules apply to supplies of goods and services. Goods If you issue an invoice in your own name for a supply of goods which you arrange for your principal, then for VAT purposes only, you must treat the transaction as though it was both a supply to you and a supply by you. Services If you’re an agent arranging a supply of services and both you and the supplier are registered for VAT, and the supplies are taxable, then you may treat yourself as both receiving and supplying those services. If you do this, you’ll be regarded as acting in your own name and treated for VAT purposes in the same way as an agent arranging supplies of goods. In both circumstances, you’re liable to account for VAT on the supply of the goods or the services, as well as on your own supply of services to your principal. But you may also reclaim as input tax any VAT charged on the supply made to you. As you do not alter the nature or value of your principal’s supply, the amount of input tax reclaimed will normally be equal to the output tax you account for on that supply. You must not reclaim input tax under this procedure before you have accounted for the relevant output tax. You must include the value of the supply in your VAT account and on your VAT Return as a supply both made, and received, by you. It’s important to remember that the VAT treatment of the supply you arrange does not affect your liability to account for VAT on your own supply of services to your principal. VAT Registration If you’re an agent, and the value of your taxable supplies is above a certain limit you must register for VAT. The value of your taxable supplies includes both the value of your taxable supplies to your principal and the value of any taxable supplies which you make in your own name. Invoicing Arrangements If your principal is registered for VAT, and their supply to the customer is taxable then Your principal must issue a VAT invoice to you for the actual price paid by the buyer, and you may then reclaim any VAT as input tax or use the self-billing procedure. If the customer is registered for VAT (or Not registered) you must account for output tax on the onward supply to the customer, and you must issue a VAT invoice to the customer, and you must also account for VAT on the value of your own supply of services in arranging the supply on behalf of your principal This example illustrates the accounting procedure. A VAT-registered person supplies standard-rated goods or services for £100 plus VAT to another VAT-registered person. The supplier uses an agent who acts in their own name. The agent takes a commission of 10%. The seller must issue a VAT invoice to the agent showing: Amount Goods or services £100.00 20% VAT £ 20.00 Total £120.00 The seller accounts to HMRC for £20.00 output tax. The agent may reclaim £20.00 as input tax. The agent must issue a VAT invoice to the buyer showing: Amount Goods or services £100.00 20% VAT £ 20.00 Total £120.00 The agent accounts to HMRC for £20.00 output tax. The buyer may reclaim £20.00 as input tax subject to any partial exemption considerations (read paragraph 13.1 ). The agent must also issue a VAT invoice when making a charge to the principal (the seller) for agent’s services showing: Amount 10% commission £10.00 20% VAT £ 2.00 Total £12.00 The agent accounts to HMRC for £2.00 output tax. Subject to the normal rules the seller can reclaim input tax of £2.00. In practice, the amount of money that passes between the agent and the principal in this example might only be £108.00, since the agent may deduct commission from the amount collected from the buyer, paying the balance to the principal. But, the full VAT invoicing procedure must still be followed. UK, EU and international supplies involving UK undisclosed agents F or UK undisclosed agents involved in domestic supplies If you’re a UK undisclosed agent involved in domestic supplies, the difficulties outlined in this section may not apply and there’s no intention to disturb the current commercial arrangements where you may be invoicing your principals for a separate supply of your own services, as described in paragraph 22.6 . But, if you want to, you may adopt the alternative VAT treatment set out in this section for your domestic transactions. VAT treatment of supplies involving UK undisclosed agents Introduction This section deals with the VAT treatment of international supplies of goods or services made through UK undisclosed agents. It also gives information on the option which allows UK undisclosed agents involved in domestic supplies to use this VAT treatment. Undisclosed agents take part in a supply of goods or services while acting in their own name but they’re supplying the goods or services on behalf of another. This means the third party to the transaction is often unaware of the involvement of an agent. The VAT treatment Agents involved in non-UK, non-EU or EU supplies, who bring themselves within the terms of section 47 VAT Act 1994 by acting in their own name, are treated as principals for VAT purposes and seen as taking a full part in the underlying supply of any goods or services. Consequently, as the agent is taking a full part in the supply, they’re no longer recognised as making a separate supply of their own services to their principal and the commission they retain is seen as subsumed in the value of the onward underlying supply. This treatment is for VAT purposes only. It has no impact on the legal status of agents or the way they’re treated for the purposes of other taxes or legislation. Impact of the VAT treatment (a) Goods imported into the UK, or acquired into Northern Ireland from the EU Note, for the purposes of the following illustration, the price paid by the final customer is £100, the commission retained by the agent is £20, and the money passed back to the principal is £80, all net of VAT. If you’re a UK undisclosed agent then the VAT value at importing goods on behalf of a non-UK principal importation is decided by the customs rules as previously, and will not change acquiring goods into Northern Ireland from a principal in an EU member state acquisition is £80 by virtue of section 20(3) VAT Act 1994 based on the value of the invoice raised by the UK and EU principal to you. You’re responsible for Intrastat declarations and must account for acquisition tax As a UK undisclosed agent that’s treated as a principal, you’ll be entitled to recover import or acquisition VAT in Northern Ireland, subject to the normal rules. You will then: Make an onward supply in your own name to your customer for £100 Account for any output tax due Your commission of £20 will be seen as subsumed in the value of your onward supply of the goods, and you’re no longer regarded as making a separate supply of your own services to your non-UK principal. You may treat costs incurred in the UK, such as warehousing and handling, as supplies to you and you may recover the input tax on them, subject to the normal rules. (b) International services If you’re a UK undisclosed agent involved in international services and you act in your own name under section 47(3) VAT Act 1994 , you’re treated as a principal. The services are seen as supplied to you as though you’re a principal, and supplied on by you. This means that you will be treated as taking a full part in the supply chain. As in the case of imported goods, your commission is seen as subsumed in the value of the onward supply. You’re no longer regarded as making a separate supply of your own services to your principal. Section 47(3) applies in this way in all cases where agents act in their own name in relation to international services. It applies to services being supplied both to and from the UK. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

Find out when and how you need to register for VAT with the UK Tax Authority HMRC. Businesses in the UK (including Isle of Man) are required to register for VAT If the value of their Taxable Turnover (standard rate, reduced rate and or zero rated supplies) in the preceding 12 months or less goes over the registration threshold of £90,000 If the value of their taxable turnover (standard rate, reduced rate and or zero rated supplies) is likely to exceed £90,000in the next 30 days if the business is based outside the UK and supplies goods or services in the UK or are expected to in the next 30 days. (Threshold does not apply here) If a businesses is being taking over a VAT registered business as a going concern If you make distant sales into Northern Ireland and exceed the annual threshold. Note: Businesses include Sole Traders, Partnerships, Limited Companies, Clubs, Associations. What is Taxable Turnover Standared Rated Sales of goods and services Zero Rated Goods and Services Reverse Charge Output VAT Any Goods or Services you barter or part exchange The value of any goods you have used for private use Property services supplied (rent and service charges) where you have opted to tax the building. What is not Taxable Turnover Sales of capital items such as buildings , machinery, cars Exempt supplies Voluntary Registration Yo u can apply to HMRC for voluntarily registration if: you are making taxable supplies where their value is under the £85,000 threshold. This will allow you to recover VAT expenses incurred. You are intending to make taxable supplies in the near future Register - onl ine -Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Registering for VAT

Find out how VAT works in German including VAT Rates, VAT Rules, VAT Registration, Exemptions and much more. VAT - Norway German-VAT- Guide on how VAT applies in Germany Most goods and services in Germany are taxed at the standard rate of VAT which is 19%. There are two rates of VAT in Germany: Standard Rate 19% Reduced Rate 7% Reduced Rate The reduced rate of VAT (7%) is applicable to goods and services such as: Hotel Accommodation Museums Theatres Exempt Goods and Services Medical Services Insurance Property Sales Charging VAT Customer located in: In German - 19% or 7% B2B customer outside EU - 0% B2B customer in EU - 0% (Reverse Charge Invoice B2C (to private individual) Less than 10,000 Euros - 19% VAT B2C (to private individual) Greater than 10,000 Euros - VAT rate applicable in customers country. German business must either register in customers country or use the One Stop Shop Process. Broadcasting, Telecommunications, Electronically Supplied Services - Place of supply where customer located and as such apply VAT rate in customers country. Input VAT Recovery Input VAT is deducted from output VAT to arrive at the net VAT payable on the VAT return E - Invoicing Guide - German Ministry of Finance E-Invoicing

Comprehensive guide on automating the end to end VAT compliance and reporting processes including the planning, scoping and risk and control analysis requirements. Introduction The introduction of the Making Tax Digital (MTD) requirements in the UK mandated many organisations to automate or semi automate their VAT compliance processes. The benefits of automation can be significant if it is carried out robustly with strong controls built into the process. Also with e-invoicing on the horizon in the UK and more rapid developments in this field in Europe, South America and Asia, VAT automation has become almost impossible to avoid or delay. Benefits of Automation Elimination of Spreadsheets that usually cause errors Elimination of the manual VAT return Automated VAT liability determination Immediate VAT Analytics Elimination of bottlenecks in the VAT return completion cycle Elimination or reduction in human intervention thus reducing errors Prompts an organisation to undertake a complete integrity review of systems and VAT coding etc to ensure accuracy is built into MTD Reduction in VAT Risk if undertaking thoroughly Automation of the Partial Exemption and VAT recovery process and significantly reducing the time and effort usually embedded in the VAT return process Opportunity to map out and document system and workflow data lineage Reduction in Error Correction Notices submitted to HMRC Enables the possible outsourcing of the VAT Compliance function and resources to be focused on specialist VAT advisory Closer integration with Finance Improved transparency and relationship with HMRC Improved management reporting by instant understanding of areas of the business that are consuming VAT Improved P&L VAT forecasting and Reporting Facilitates quicker impact assessments for new products and changes in legislation Integration of static data such as VAT Rates, Client country of Operation /residence, exchange rates, VAT Group, Non VAT Group company markers, Enables the development and build of a central Tax Data Hub which ingests, churns, organises and transforms data from various systems and sources in to a VAT Return Use of built in exception reports to detect and correct errors real time before the submission of the VAT Return Disadvantages of Autom ation Can actually create more bottlenecks and slow the VAT reporting process down if automation is not end to end and lacks inbuilt controls Can lead to lack of transparency over processes that were more visible using manual processes Can impact VAT P&L reporting if analytical reports and tools are not built into the automated process Due to lack of detailed information that would normally appear on spreadsheets there can be an over reliance on automation and assume the data is always correct. How to Go About Automating the VAT Compliance Process Larger more Complex Entities The amount of effort and work that will be required to automate the compliance and reporting process will directly depend on: The existing level of automation The number of different systems in use for VAT reporting The size and complexity of the organisation The complexity of the Partial Exemption Method The number of manual processes and adjustments required for VAT reporting The method of automating the process internal IT department or External consultants Number of externally supplied systems used The existing skill set of IT, VAT and Finance staff within the organisation Step One - Planning and Budgeting The first action point for any compliance automation will be to draw up a project plan detailing: The design of the automated process - what is it expected to look like and how it will work in practice Key project timelines and expected delivery dates for each stage of completion Key personnel and what parts of the project they are responsible for List of controls that are required to ensure the integrity of the data and to protect any sensitive customer data Any external software or systems being used and details of when and how they will be engaged in the automation process Any pinch points such as any project overlap with key BAU reporting time frames Budgets for the cost of implementation at each stage Key business area / management sign-offs required at each stage Software that will be used to automate the process and any licencing required The future cost savings and efficiencies to be derived from automation Testing process and expected dates List of systems, data sources, software, that will need to be reviewed (see next step) List of static data / sources in use that will need to be incorporated Step Two - Draw up a list of Processes and Systems The second stage of automating the VAT compliance process will be to carry out an inventory of the systems and processes used in the VAT compliance and reporting process. Typically this will include: Ac counts receivable systems used to invoice / bill clients and record sales and Accounts payable systems used to process invoices, record costs and VAT Systems used for e invoicing or in conjunction with Systems used purely to record transactions that then feed accounts receivable and payable systems System to system interfaces Cost allocation systems that are used to carry out complex cost allocations in large organisations Exception reporting systems that feel from any of the above systems Any other manual systems or processes used in the VAT reporting and compliance process From the full list of systems, it will then be necessary to categorize the systems into in-scope and outside scope of automation. Often you can have front end bespoke systems that feed into larger main systems and as such including them all would mean duplicating the data. Therefore in such situations, it is necessary to extract the data for automation from the main system and thus reduce the number of data sources. For example there could be 4 bespoke billing systems that all interface into SAP and as such it maybe possible to extract all the required data for automation from SAP instead of from all the individual systems. So as part of the scoping exercise, 4 systems could be categorized as outside the scope for automation with only SAP being in scope for extracting data for the automation process. Step Three - Carry out and Integrity Review of the Systems for VAT Reporting At this point in the process, it can be a good opportunity to conduct a review of the VAT reporting (including legacy VAT Reports) and controls in each system to ensure that VAT is being booked and reported accurately. This will usually only be necessary if there has not been a regular or recent review. This is a crucial step as the automated process will need to be tested and signed off for accuracy. In larger organisations, the Internal Audit department may want to review the end to end automated process and as such having done a full integrity review may provide them with comfort. Step Four - Identify the Key Mandatory Fields Required from Each System The ultimate objective of any VAT reporting system is to ensure that accurate VAT returns are generated and ready for filing to HMRC. Therefore it is imperative that the key fields available in each system are incorporated into the automation process to ensure this objective is met. Examples of these are: Invoice Amount Gross, Net and VAT Invoice / transaction date Details of the transaction VAT code applied to the transaction Customer type (business / consumer) Customer country of operation / residence Product type VAT classification code SR, ZR, Exempt Customer Id Transaction Id Step Five - Identify all the Manual Adjustments that are Carried Out It is often the case that there are many manual calculations and adjustments that are carried out as part of the VAT reporting process and these need to be identified so as to eliminate and build into the automated reporting process. Making Tax Digital requires digital linking so eliminating manual processes will help to ensure compliance. Step Six - Identify any Static Data that is Consumed as Part of the VAT Reporting Process Often in manual VAT reporting Processes where spreadsheets are used there will typically be static data such as FX rates, VAT rates, customer location data, VAT recovery percentages, VAT allocation percentages, profit / cost centres etc that form part of the VAT calculations. Step Seven - Build a Central VAT Data Warehouse or Hub Once all of the systems, data sources and manual processes and static data have been identified and categorised into in-scope / out of scope, then it will be necessary to build a VAT Data Warehouse or Hub to Extract and Ingest, Store and Transform the data into a VAT return ready for filing to HMRC. This element of the project will be the job of either internal or external IT specialists who can build the necessary code to ingest and transform all of the data into an accurate electronic VAT Return. Additionally static data tables can be built into the VAT Data Warehouse via links. For Example links to HMRC exchange rates or links to client on-boarding static data systems. Data Analytics tools such as Alteryx, Tableau, Power BI, SAP Agile or RPA "Robotic Process Automation" software can assist in transforming data and also adding robotics to replicate tasks normally carried out by humans but without the risk of manual errors. Also where the organisations Partial Exemption Method is complex, it may be necessary to build an automated VAT Sector allocation and VAT recovery calculation engine within the VAT Data Warehouse or bolt on a bespoke system build by an external vendor to allocate and calculate input VAT recovery for different areas of the business. (Anaplan for Example) Note: Testing of the systems should be conducted once built to ensure it meets the objectives set. Step Eight - Linking System Data, Static Data to the VAT Data Warehouse Once all of the system reports, data sources, and static data requirements have been identified, it will be necessary for Tax, Finance, IT and external system vendors, external IT consultants to work collaboratively to link the data to the VAT Data Warehouse in the correct format ready for transforming and calculating the final VAT return. This will normally be done using Application Programming Interface (API's). Note: Testing of the links should be conducted once built to ensure they transfer the data as required. Step Nine - Filing the Automated Electronic VAT Return to HMRC The electronic filing of the VAT Return to HMRC will be the next process to automate. This can either be carried out using bridging software provided by a software provider where figures from the VAT return are linked to the software providers E filer and then onward transmitted to HMRC or the whole filing process can be managed by an external company where they can build a link to the organisations VAT Data Warehouse and the whole VAT reporting, sign-off, partial exemption VAT calculation, MI reporting and filing to HMRC will be managed by the organisation using the software provided. Note: Again testing should be carried out to ensure the VAT Returns file correctly. Step Ten - Post VAT Return Management Information The final leg of the automation (if not already built) would be to build a VAT reporting MI function that enables key reports to be generated from the data. These reports would be used in reporting key metrics to management such as: Total Output VAT per Function / Sector Total Input VAT per Function / Sector Total VAT by Cost Type (which areas are consuming VAT) Total VAT recovery by Function / Sector (E.g. Banking, Equities, Fixed Income, Credit) or ( Hotels, Bars, Restaurants, Cafes, Convenience stores) VAT recovery by Subsidiary, Branch Irrecoverable VAT by Sector, entity, region Reverse Charge VAT by sector / entity Variance analysis and charts comparing month on month, quarter on quarter, year on year VAT recovery rates aligned to each sectors VAT pool VAT allocation drivers Fully recoverable VAT by sector / function / entity Other The greater the detail and clarity of the reports, the more beneficial they will be for management reporting. Automation for Smaller Entities The digitalisation and automation of smaller entities is less likely to involve the internal build of bespoke systems and more likely to involve smaller firms buying and using off the shelf Accounting and Taxation Software which can be purely cloud based. These packages will have all the necessary accounting, VAT, Tax and reporting functionalities built in to enable businesses to become automated and digitalised relatively quickly without any major need for internal software or systems development. Mainstream software providers such as Sage, Zero, IRIS, Quickbooks just to name a few can be purchased and used by either business owners or their Accountants for accounting, VAT and general Tax reporting. That said, the automation of VAT Compliance and Reporting for smaller entities can be completely bespoke and built by IT specialists to the specifications and requirements of the business. Many of the steps (above) that may be used by larger entities can be used for smaller entities. VAT Automation - VAT Compliance Automation

Chile VAT Guide - VAT rates, VAT on goods and services, digital services, e invoicing, reverse charges and more. CHILE-VAT The Chilean Tax Authority is known as the (SII). The standard VAT rate in Chile is 19% and applies to most goods and services and there is no VAT registration threshold so VAT becomes due once taxable goods or services are supplied. Some goods and services are exempt from VAT, such as exports, sporting and cultural events, real estate, freight services, used cars and lorries, international passenger transport, and education. E Invoicing Chile requires all invoicing to be electronic and E Invoicing is mandatory for all businesses through its central electronic invoicing system. Non Resident Digital Service Providers Since June 2020, four types of services provided by taxpayers without a domicile or residence in Chile pay Value Added Tax (VAT). Meanwhile, from November 2024, all other taxed services (not expressly exempt) provided by this type of taxpayers must pay VAT. This tax obligation is only for foreign taxpayers, without domicile or residence in Chile, who provide taxed services remotely to be used in national territory by non-VAT payers. Non resident providers are required to register for VAT via the Digital VAT Portal - Servicio Impuestos Internos Services that require VAT Registration and declaration include: Intermediaries of services provided in Chile, whatever their nature, or of sales made in Chile or abroad, provided that the latter give rise to an import. Those who supply or deliver digital entertainment content, such as videos, music, games or other similar content, through download, streaming or other technology, including for these purposes, texts, magazines, newspapers and books. Those who provide software, storage, platforms or computing infrastructure. Those who carry out advertising, regardless of the support or medium through which it is delivered, materialized or executed. Other Services Reverse Charges Applicable to foreign purchases that are taxable where the vendor is not registered in Chile. (Purchaser is responsible for accounting for VAT)